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Main articles: andThere are important differences between plain text (created and edited by text editors) and (such as that created by or ).Plain text exclusively consists of character representation. Each character is represented by a fixed-length sequence of one, two, or four bytes, or as a variable-length sequence of one to four bytes, in accordance to specific conventions, such as,.
These conventions define many printable characters, but also that control the flow of the text, such,. Plain text contains no other information about the text itself, not even the character encoding convention employed. Plain text is stored in, although text files do not exclusively store plain text. In the early days of computers, plain text was displayed using a, such that horizontal alignment and columnar formatting were sometimes done using whitespace characters. For compatibility reasons, this tradition has not changed.Rich text, on the other hand, may contain metadata, character formatting data (e.g. ), paragraph formatting data (e.g. Indentation, alignment, letter and word distribution, and space between lines or other paragraphs), and page specification data (e.g.
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Size, margin and reading direction). Rich text can be very complex. Rich text can be saved in (e.g. ), text files adhering to a (e.g.
Or ), or in a hybrid form of both (e.g. ).Text editors are intended to open and save text files containing either plain text or anything that can be interpreted as plain text, including the markup for rich text or the markup for something else (e.g. ).History. A box of with several program decks.Before text editors existed, computer text was punched into with machines. Physical boxes of these thin cardboard cards were then inserted into a card-reader.
Magnetic tape and disk 'card-image' files created from such card decks often had no line-separation characters at all, and assumed fixed-length 80-character records. An alternative to cards was punched paper tape. It could be created by some (such as the Teletype), which used special characters to indicate ends of records.The first text editors were oriented to teleprinter- or -style terminals without displays. Commands (often a single keystroke) effected edits to a file at an imaginary insertion point called the 'cursor'. Edits were verified by typing a command to print a small section of the file, and periodically by printing the entire file.
In some line editors, the cursor could be moved by commands that specified the line number in the file, text (context) for which to search, and eventually. Line editors were major improvements over keypunching. Some line editors could be used by keypunch; editing commands could be taken from a deck of cards and applied to a specified file. Some common line editors supported a 'verify' mode in which change commands displayed the altered lines.When with video screens became available, (sometimes called just 'screen editors') became common. One of the earliest full-screen editors was, which was written for the operator console of the computers in 1967.
Another early full-screen editor was. Written in the 1970s, it is still a standard editor on and operating systems.
Also written in the 1970s was the Screen Oriented Editor, which was optimized both for indented source code as well as general text., one of the first projects, is another early full-screen or real-time editor, one that was to many systems. Is a text editor shipped withSome text editors are small and simple, while others offer broad and complex functions.
For example, and Unix-like operating systems have the editor (or a variant), but many also include the and Emacs editors. Systems come with the simple, though many people—especially programmers—prefer other with more features. Under 's there was the native, which was replaced in by, which combines features of a text editor with those typical of a word processor such as rulers, margins and multiple font selection. These features are not available simultaneously, but must be switched by user command, or through the program automatically determining the.Most word processors can read and write files in plain text format, allowing them to open files saved from text editors.
Saving these files from a word processor, however, requires ensuring the file is written in format, and that any or settings won't obscure the file for its intended use. Non- word processors, such as, are more easily pressed into service as text editors, and in fact were commonly used as such during the 1980s. The default of these word processors often resembles a markup language, with the basic format being plain text and visual formatting achieved using non-printing. Later word processors like store their files in a and are almost never used to edit plain text files.Some text editors can such as or an entire placed in a single file. Simpler text editors may just read files into the computer's main. With larger files, this may be a slow process, and the entire file may not fit.
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Some text editors do not let the user start editing until this read-in is complete. Editing performance also often suffers in nonspecialized editors, with the editor taking seconds or even minutes to respond to keystrokes or navigation commands. Specialized editors have optimizations such as only storing the visible portion of large files in memory, improving editing performance.Some editors are programmable, meaning, e.g., they can be customized for specific uses. With a programmable editor it is easy to automate repetitive tasks or, add new functionality or even implement a new application within the framework of the editor. One common motive for customizing is to make a text editor use the commands of another text editor with which the user is more familiar, or to duplicate missing functionality the user has come to depend on. Software developers often use editor customizations tailored to the programming language or development environment they are working in.
The programmability of some text editors is limited to enhancing the core editing functionality of the program, but can be extended far beyond editing text files—for web browsing, reading email, online chat, managing files or playing games. Emacs can even emulate, its rival in the traditional of.An important group of programmable editors uses as a scripting language. These 'orthodox editors' contain a 'command line' into which commands and macros can be typed and text lines into which line commands and macros can be typed.
Most such editors are derivatives of or of, IBM's flagship editor for through. Among them are, X2, Uni-edit, and.A text editor written or customized for a specific use can determine what the user is editing and assist the user, often by programming terms and showing with relevant documentation. Many text editors for software developers include source code and automatic to make programs easier to read and write.
Programming editors often let the user select the name of an, or, then jump to its definition. Some also allow for easy navigation back to the original section of code by storing the initial cursor location or by displaying the requested definition in a or temporary buffer. Some editors implement this ability themselves, but often an auxiliary utility like is used to locate the definitions.Typical features.
– Text editors provide extensive facilities for searching and replacing text, either on groups of files or interactively. Advanced editors can use to search and edit text or code.
– most text editors provide methods to duplicate and move text within the file, or between files. Ability to handle encoded text. – Text editors often provide basic visual formatting features like, formatting using characters, and so on. These are typically only for display and do not insert formatting codes into the file itself. – As with word processors, text editors provide a way to undo and redo the last edit, or more.
Often—especially with older text editors—there is only one level of edit history remembered and successively issuing the undo command will only 'toggle' the last change. Modern or more complex editors usually provide a multiple-level history such that issuing the undo command repeatedly will revert the document to successively older edits. A separate redo command will cycle the edits 'forward' toward the most recent changes. The number of changes remembered depends upon the editor and is often configurable by the user.Advanced features. Macro or procedure definition: to define new commands or features as combinations of prior commands or other macros, perhaps with passed parameters, or with nesting of macros. Multi-file editing: the ability to edit multiple files during an edit-session, perhaps remembering the current-line cursor of each file, to insert repeated text into each file, move text among files, etc. – Reading or merging the contents of another text file into the file currently being edited.
Some text editors provide a way to insert the output of a command issued to the operating system's. Also, a case-shifting feature could translate to lowercase or uppercase. – Some advanced text editors allow the editor to send all or sections of the file being edited to another utility and read the result back into the file in place of the lines being 'filtered'.
This, for example, is useful for sorting a series of lines alphabetically or numerically, doing mathematical computations, indenting, and so on. – contextually highlights, and other text that appears in an organized or predictable format.
Editors generally allow users to customize the colors or styles used for each language element. Some text editors also allow users to install and use to change the of the editor's entire. a text editor intended for use by programmers must provide some mechanism, or be, so a programmer can customize the editor with features needed to manage individual software projects, customize functionality or for specific or systems, or conform to specific.Specialised editors Some editors include special features and extra functions, for instance,. are text editors with additional functionality to facilitate the production of source code. These often feature user-programmable syntax highlighting and code navigation functions as well as coding tools or keyboard similar to an HTML editor (see below). This subclass includes so-called 'orthodox editors' that are derivatives of Xedit. Editors that implement folding without programing-specific features are usually called outliners (see below).
(integrated development environments) are designed to manage and streamline large programming projects. They are usually only used for programming as they contain many features unnecessary for simple text editing. authors are offered a variety of dedicated to the task of creating. These include:,. Many offer the option of viewing a work in progress on a built-in or standard.
Most is done in a such as or using a source code editor or IDE. The HTML delivered by all but the simplest static web sites is stored as individual that are assembled by the software controlling the site and do not compose a complete HTML document.
Mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists often produce articles and books using or in plain text files. Such documents are often produced by a standard text editor, but some people use specialized. Also called tree-based editors, because they combine a hierarchical outline tree with a text editor. Folding (see above) can be considered a specialized form of outlining. allow multiple users to work on the same document simultaneously from remote locations over a network.
The changes made by individual users are tracked and merged into the document automatically to eliminate the possibility of conflicting edits. Originally macros were written in assembler, , , (VM/SE) or, but most users dropped CLIST, EXEC and EXEC2 once REXX was available.
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A line command is a command typed into the sequence number entry area associated with a specific line of text and whose scope is limited to that line, or, in the case of a block command, associated with the block of lines between the beginning and ending line commands. An example of the latter would be typing the command ucc (block upper case) into the entry areas of two lines; this has the same effect as typing uc (upper case) into the entry area of each line in the range.References. Albert Napier; Ollie N. Rivers; Stuart Wagner (2005). Cengage Learning.
P. 330. Peter Norton; Scott H. Clark (2002). Sams Publishing. Gopalakrishnan; G. Padmanabhan; Sudhat Shukla (2003). Every operating system comes with a default, basic text editor, but most of us install our own enhanced text editors to get more features.
The IEEE and The Open Group. Retrieved January 18, 2010. L. Bowles, Kenneth; Hollan, James (1978-07-01). Behavior Research Methods. 10: 531–534. Some Multics users purchased these terminals., using them either as 'glass teletypes' or via 'local editing.'
.Charles Crowley.Section. If you open a.doc file in a text editor, you will notice that most of the file is formatting codes. Text editors, however, do not add formatting codes, which makes it easier to compile your code. Retrieved 27 May 2015.External links., discusses Xedit and its clones with an emphasis of folding capabilities and programmability.